A short history about the inception of the thesis presented here is provided on this page at the request of Alain Huitdeniers (CYMM@trinidad.net). This history may be seen as a supplement to the abstracts that are part of the two phases of the thesis.
| The matter started back in 1995 when I found out via a programming job
with the Santa Fe Institute on Artificial Life that we could not obtain
multi-cellularity in complex adaptive systems evolution simulations on
computers. Somehow Life had more than the machines could do. This indeed
appeared to be an intractable problem. Then, with the help of Philip C.
Jackson, Jr., I jointly presented a method utilizing an hypothetical MWI
evolution to solve the 3SAT problem, the key of intractable NP-Complete
problems, at Rutgers U in 1996 as part of the DIMACS conference [1]. The paper
for this presentation went unpublished due to my use of non-established
methods of Physics, such as an hypothetical deterministic MWI evolution
using a supramolecular structure found in microbiology. Going further in
the theoretical aspect of my method (which can be found in phase 2 of my
work), I then realized that Everett's Many-Worlds approach was incomplete.
In effect my method showed that the "3SAT machine" as we called it was
being "duplicated" while computing the result. This could not happen
unless space was being duplicated too somehow. For me then Everett forgot
to look at space itself. At that point I knew that I was putting the cart
before the horse. I had to investigate first the origin of space itself.
The key event was my stumbling upon Einstein's late thoughts on the nature of space. I knew Feynman's bold attempt at justifying his path integral method (which he did not publish) and connected it with MWI. You will find in the early part of phase 1 the process I went through then to identify that present mathematics just can't hack the problem at hand, since the axiom of choice has to be discarded. It is one of the goals of the study to identify the urgent need by Physics for mathematicians to expand Set Theory to unseparable sets. I knew that String Theory was assuming space as an arena unconnected to its content. Yet there was something I felt to be true in it, the higher dimensionality of the process. Then I saw that we were failing to understand the true meaning of what was found by Particle Physics after years of research, namely the bounded aspect of nuclear forces. At that point I realized that Leibniz' and Bruno's ideas of monads were missing a key element, how the unseparable and undistinguishable entities lead to a separated, distinguishable world. This bounded aspect of the nuclear relations (the Yang-Mills field) was the key. The multidimensionality of the monadic relations ended up in two very different groups, the bounded and the unbounded ones. Separability could only come from there (and Leibniz and Bruno of course knew nothing about that). I then saw information as strictly a classical feature since it demands separability and distinguishability, and such a notion could not exist in a quantum system as it physically exists behind the classically patched formalism we are using to date. At that point (middle of phase 1) it occurred to me that maybe I could envision a way for the monadic relations to create (emerge into) a double layer of space manifold, i.e. a state of space different from the "ground" state we are accustomed to. In that state a new space is then maintained by the leptons and their bosons, namely electrons and photons, WITHOUT nuclear forces involved in creating that space. I called this new space an "inertial" space due to its origin in the inertia of nuclei. It is less energy demanding (less computational parallel evolutions) to have the nuclei realities to group into two separate sets of realities for allowing a large molecule to evolve into two possible conformational states. Then the two states exist in parallel and the electrons shuttle between them. The em field of the electrons (the photons) then generate the space in-between the two states of the molecule. This would then lead to a system without collapse, the unseparability of its elements would be able to be maintained throughout its evolution, unlike the content of our space. Then it occurred to me that photons are indeed maintaining that inertial space, so they could also maintain our space! I jumped to the Hubble discovery: Indeed photons "show a loss of energy through their travel in space," what is called a "redshift" in astronomy. I then saw the results of a recent supernovae survey, and I looked at the experimental points and the curves that were drawn on top of them. There was an obvious fact in the data: The curves did not go through most of the error bars past a certain age of the photons! I had to find how many billion years in the past these photons were coming from (without assuming an expansion of the universe!), and lo and behold the age of our sun showed up! This could not be a coincidence. I have Appendix A of phase 1 describing the quantitative aspect of this subject. Then I knew I had a way to prove (or at least corroborate) my theory. Needless to say, this would also point to an area where the present formalism of Quantum Mechanics may be inadequate to cover the physical world by being tied to classical concepts such as space being seen as an arena. In that line I mention the evolution of galaxies by describing the space system they maintain (both generate and absorb at their center), which then leads to a population with giant voids as well as with agglomerations that create a foam-like structure of dimensionality 2, as observed. Right now Astrophysics is fighting for the notion of an homogeneous universe (dimensionality 3) as this is needed for the universe expansion theory. Active galactic nuclei in this picture are then recycling space into matter while black holes and dark matter are absent. A continuity principle (and equation) between space and matter would be needed to cover space generation and recycling processes, thereby completing General Relativity. But this was not enough. I had to go back to the origin of my quest: Microbiology. The dual conformational state supramolecular structures I started with in 1996 were indeed very common in living materials. I had to find what could be experimentally identified to prove my theory in a totally separate field of Science. And from there came phase 2 of my work. The non-local events of microbiology are indeed extremely common. Life looked to have taken such effects to build itself. A long study of the literature there convinced me that I was right (a summary of my search there is in Appendix A of phase 2). Too many "hypothesis non fingo" are everyday in the literature. We are closing our eyes on what is really going on in Life because we don't have the physics needed to comprehend what's going on... I give simple experiments in phase 2 which will at least start to put us in the right direction. I am convinced that Life came out of the non-local physical effects I describe, and embryo development shows this in many ways, provided we have the eyes to see. I describe in phase 2 the basic process of eukariotic cells, mitosis, in physical terms. The formal QM approach used earlier in the 3SAT paper is applied to a supramolecular structure part of this mitotic process to deduce how and why the structure must be self-assembling there via a local spatial warp in a 3 times 3D manner at the level of the elements of the structure. Such a local warp of space can only come from quantum effects, and notably is unrelated to the large scale warps of spacetime from the mere presence of matter as General Relativity describes. As a pun on Richard Dawkins' Selfish Gene I point to a Groupish Monad principle where the Elements of Reality will search ways to increase the size of their controlling realm via collective association. This well known strictly geometric duplication essential to animal Life is not explained to this day in the literature. Local spatial warps are then seen as a very common physical phenomenon which is presently identified by biochemists as "tracks" and "accumulation points" for the motion of proteins and other biomolecules in cells throughout the organism. Their existence again has no explanation whatsoever in the literature, even though they appear to be a key to Life. Through the above analysis I also suggest how to expand Everett's approach to describe the flaws of present Quantum Computation Theory. We must revise our ideas about QCs not only to increase their range of algorithmic applications but in order to fully describe "uncomputable" Life, making thus the full circle back to the 3SAT machine problem I started with. Finally, within the approach used for mitosis, I had to describe what would be the true function of neurons and glial cells through what I call the Puppet Master Hypothesis. Their non-local functions as quantum connectors and processors within quantum coherent inertial space would effect a holistic phenomenon, the mental function of a brain, this last perspective being of course presently only a free speculation due to the limited means of physical experimentation we now have. Yet this part allows an alternate physical view of the key function of Life as a set of whole entities, living organisms, unlike the local classical chemical approaches we have been following in the past 50 years. I must also say in that line, that at the beginning of this story, in 1994 in fact, I found a biological paper dating from the early 1980s that described a supramolecular structure which appeared to have an enormous inertia, as if the entire mass of the cell the structure happened to be in was concentrated on that tiny structure. The biologist who reported this fact thought that this was due to a gyroscopic motion of the structure, but the speed of rotation would have to be enormous, and the structure would fly apart (as someone else pointed out then). In fact the structure was found through the electron microscope to be not rotating at all. So people just shoved the matter away as an unexplained fact, and nobody mentioned it since... That paper gave me the idea of the 3SAT paper of 1996. In phase 2 I ask to redo this experiment as well as other biophysical experiments that can decisively corroborate my approach. So definitely the roots of my study are in unexplained experimental facts that have been shoved under the carpet, so to speak, from the uncomputable aspects of Life to inconvenient observations of astronomy. I put this work on the Net with the hope to find help in the formal aspect of the approach as well as in its experimental pursuit, and to eventually have it published via normal channels. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |